10 билет
1. Comparisons and contrasts.
When we are contrasting two words or phrases we emphasise the parts that we want
to contrast by marking them prominent:
A: You are looked exhausted last night
B: Yes, but eve though I was TIRED I couldn't get to SLEEP
Not being able to get to sleep is contrasted with being tired.
A: Can I have some of this cake now?
B: The pudding's for toMORrow , not for today
Today is contrasted with tomorrow
Typically the wrd or phrase that is news- that is, information that the hearer
is not expected to know- has a falling tone (I couldn't get to SLEEP; that the
cake for tomorrow). This contrasts with information that the hearer and speaker
already share, which has a rising or fall rising tone (that I was tired; A
thinks the cake is for today).
Here are some common patterns of comparison and contrast:
1.using a comparative form of an adjective:
I think it's more important to have COMfortable clothes than STYlish ones
2.using either…or:
You can either catch the EARlier train or the LATer one
3.using …, not…or…not…,…:
He's got bronchitis , not just a cough
4.Using other contrasting phrases
Rather than catch the BUS, maybe we could WALK home.
Choose a pair of phrases from the box to complete each conversation. (notice
that you may need to change the order.) The tone (falling or rising) is given
for each of the two parts of the sentence.
Short story- novel boat- helicopter Australia- Scotland on the
phone-face to face
a. But it's easier to talk____ than____.
b. Instead of going by____, we went by _____.
c. She's going to Perth in_____, not Perth in ______.
Answer: A. face to face on the phone. B.boat-helicopter. C. Scotland-Australia
2. Make phonetic analysis: Witnesses, arrested, drizzling
3. Classification of consonants according to manner of articulation
Acc to the manner of articulation cons. May be of four groups:
Occlusive
Constrictive
Occlussive-constrictive
Rolled
Noise consonants:
Occlusive noise cons: [p,t,b,d,k,g]
constrictive fricatives (noise cons): [f,v,Ө, δ, s, z., ʃ, ʒ, h]
Occlussive-constrictive (affricates): [tʃ, ʤ]
Sonorants:
Occlusive:m,n,η
Constrictive: w,l,r,j
#11 билет
1. Exclamations.
Answer: When we want to give our opinion on smth that has been said or done, we
can do this with particular emphasis, often to express enthusiasm. Using an
adjective. Typically this has a rise falling tone:
A: Dan got the job! B: GREAT !
However when adj like this have a low tone, they can be used in a sarcastic way.
A positive word is used, but in fact expresses lack of enthusiasm,
disappointment, or criticism.
A: the flight's been cancelled
B: GREAT ..
We can also use adj with a rise- falling tone to express surprise at what has
been said
A: Jack's just bought a new car. It's pink.
B: PINK !
Some are also used in exclamations after how:
HOW embarrassing !
Nouns and phrases without adj may also be used to express surprise, anger
You're Joking?
NONsense !
Choose the most likely adjective from the box to complete each conversation.
Bizarre convenient dreadful exhausting horrified stunning
useless
a. A: How are you feeling? B: Absolutely ______!
b. A: Were you shocked by the news? B: Totally______!
c. A: This heater isn't much good. B: Completely_________!
d. A: His paintings are weird, aren't they? B: Totally_____!
Answer: dreadful, horrified, useless, bizarre (странный)
2. Make phonetic analysis: Trumpet, tenor, rapper
3. Classification of forelingual consonants
Acc.to the place of obstruction forelingual cons:
Interdental [Ө, s,z,n,l]
Dental
Alveolar: t,d
Post alveolar: r
Palato alveolar : ʃ, ʒ, ʤ, tʃ
#12 билет
1. Consonant clusters within and across the words.
Answer: Consonant clusters also occur within words. For ex:
Clusters with… 2 consonant clusters
Escape
Approach
Dislike
Address
important 3 consonant clusters
Complete
Control
Expert
Translate
hundred 4 consonant clusters
Abstract
Expression
Upstream
Exquisite (kskw)
excruciating
Some clusters found within words can also be found at the beginning of words
(dislike-slow), at the end of words (important- lamp), or both (escape-
Scotland/ask), but others can't (abstract, invisible)
When a word ending with a consonant or consonants is followed by a word
beginning with a consonant or consonants, a new consonant cluster across words
is formed. These can be particularly difficult to pronounce
Write the words in the correct group:
Escape, complete, approach, control, dislike, abstract, expression,
translate, upstream, exquisite
Clusters with 2 Consonant sounds 3 consonant sounds 4 consonant
sounds
Answer:
Escape, complete, approach, control, dislike, abstract, expression, translate,
upstream, exquisite
Clusters with 2 Consonant sounds 3 consonant sounds 4 consonant
sounds
Escape
Approach
Dislike
Translate
Control
complete
Abstract
Expression
Exquisite
upstream
2.Make the phonetic analysis of the following words:
Insomnia, paparazzi, momentous
3Classification of noise consonants
Answer: Noise consonants vary:
1.In the work of vocal cords: voiced: : [b,d, g,v, ʤ, ʒ, δ, z] voiceless:
[p,t,k,f,Ө, s,f,h,tʃ],
2.In the degree of force of articulation: weak: [b,d, g,v, ʤ, ʒ, δ, z] strong:
[p,t,k,f,Ө, s,f,h,tʃ]
#13 Билет
1. Consonant clusters at the end of the word.
Answer: A consonant cluster (or consonant blend) is a group of consonants which
have no intervening vowel. In English, for example, the groups /spl/ and /ts/
are consonant clusters in the word splits.
There are many more combinations of consonant sounds possible at the end of
English words than at the beginning. There can be up to four consonant sounds in
a final consonant cluster:
Words with 2 final consonants 3 final consonants 4 final
consonants
Honest [st]
Jump [mp]
Wrapped [pt] Helped [lpt]
Next [kst]
Crisps [sps] Prompts [mpts]
Glimpsed [mpst]
Texts [ksts]
Some final clusters with three or four consonants can be difficult to pronounce
even for native English speakers, so in some words these are commonly
simplified. For example, the middle consonant of the clusters [kts], [mps],
[mpt], [nts], [ndz], [skt] is hardly heard or sometimes even left out.
Products- products[prodʌks]
Camped- camped[kæmt]
Hands hands[hænz]
Leaving final consonants out of consonant clusters at the end of words can
cause misunderstanding, and you should avoid this. For example, say:
Product (not: product), jump (not: jump)
Don’t be tempted to add vowels to consonant clusters in order to make them
easier to say, as this can also cause misunderstanding:
1. Avoid adding an extra vowel (usually [i] or [ǝ]) between consonants :
watched ( not watchid)
2. Avoid adding an extra vowel at the end of an adjective, as this can
sound like a comparative form: fast (not: fastǝ because it sounds like
‘faster’)
3. Avoid adding an extra vowel (usually [ǝ] or [u]) at the end of the word:
last (not: lastǝ)
Match a word from box A with a word from box B to make compound nouns. And
explain new consonant clusters across words. Example: rock music [k] is
shortened, tourist trap [t] is left out
A.
first direct general golf lamp B.
Speech shade class club strike
Answer: Match a word from box A with a word from box B to make compound nouns.
And explain new consonant clusters across words. Example: rock music [k] is
shortened, tourist trap [t] is left out
A.
first direct general golf lamp B.
Speech shade class club strike
Golf club (no simplification)
First class( t is left out)
Direct speech (t is left out)
Lamp shade (no simplification)
General strike (no simplification)
2. Make the phonetic analysis of the following words:
Inaudible, memorable, mosque
3. Classification of vowels according to length:
#14 Билет
1. Adding information and changing topic.
Answer: A number of words and phrases are used to introduce a piece of
information that is related to what has just been said. Many of these are
typically said in their own speech unit with a rising or falling tone:
A: We haven’t got any coffee left
B:// in THAT case //, I'll just have water, thanks .
A: there is no point in keeping this jacket, it's full of holes.
B://Also//, the zip's broken.
Other words and phrases like this include: at the same time, in the same way,
similarly, otherwise etc.
When we want to change the topic in a conversation or to start talking about a
different aspect of the same topic, we often begin with a word or phrase with a
falling tone in its own speech unit:
A: I really like he town square
B: Lovely, isn't it?// RIGHT , so what would you like to see next?
Other words and phrases like this include: anyhow, incidentally, (this suggests
that what is going to be said is less important than what has come before) now,
well.
2. Think of a suitable way to complete B part and write it in the space.
Then say the B part using appropriate tone on the phrase in bold.
a. A: Bridget and Steve are coming next week.
B: In that case , __________________.
b. A: I've got an assignment to do by Monday.
B: I won't see you over the weekend, then. Incidentally , _____________.
c. Will you be coming to watch the concert?
No, it's too expensive. Besides , ___________________________.
Answer: In that case, (fall-rising tone) I'll take a couple of days off work.
Incidentally (falling tone), Have you seen Mona recently?
Besides (falling), I keep telling you it's not for sale.
2.Make the phonetic analysis of the following words:
Chapel, harbor, vandalism
3. Classification of consonants according to place of articulation:
According to the position of the active organ of speech against the point of
articulation consonants may be:
4. Labial
5. Lingual
6. Glottal
1.Labial consonants are made by the lips. They may be bilabial and labio-
dental. Bilabial cons. Are produced when both lips are active. They are:
[p,b,m,w]
Labio-dental cons are articulated with the lower lip against the edge of the
upper teeth. [f,v]
2.Lingual consonants are classified into forelingual, mediolingula, backlingual
Forelingual cons are articulated with the tip or the blade of the tongue
Acc.to the place of obstruction forelingual cons:
Interdental [Ө, s,z,n,l]
Dental
Alveolar: t,d
Post alveolar: r
Palato alveolar : ʃ, ʒ, ʤ, tʃ
Mediolingual cons are produced with the front part of the tongue. They are
always palatal: j,η
Backlingual cons are also called velar, because they are produced with the back
part of the tongue raised towards soft palate: k,g
3.Glottal cons h is articulated in the glottis.
#15 Билет
1. Intonation in Question tags.
Answer: A question tag is a question added at the end of a sentence. Speakers
use question tags chiefly to make sure their information is correct or to seek
argument.
Intonation In Question Tags
When a tag is spoken, the voice can go up or down. If the voice goes up, it is
called Rising Intonation and if it goes down, it is called Falling Intonation.
It is a nice day today, isn’t it? ↘
A falling intonation means that the speaker is sure (or almost sure) that the
statement is true. The speaker knows that it is a nice day. The tag is not a
real question. He is inviting his friend to continue the conversation.
You have been on holiday, haven’t you? ↗
A rising intonation means that the speaker is less sure. He thinks that his
friend has been on holiday, but he isn’t sure. The tag is more like a real
question.
Read the following sentences with the correct intonation of tag questions.
1. You can't answer all the questions, can you? -
2. You will help me to do the dishes, won't you? -
3. He believes you, doesn't he? -
4. The teacher should explain the lesson, shouldn't he? -
5. The boy didn't know the lesson, did he? –
Answer:
2.Read the following sentences with the correct intonation of tag questions.
1. You can't answer all the questions, can you? - rising
2. You will help me to do the dishes, won't you? - falling
3. He believes you, doesn't he? - rising
4. The teacher should explain the lesson, shouldn't he? - falling
5. The boy didn't know the lesson, did he? - falling
2.Make the phonetic analysis of the following words:
violence, provincial, overcrowding
3Classification of vowels according to tongue position:
Classification of vowels according to the principle of tongue position
Moving up and down in the mouth various parts of the tongue may be raised to
different height towards roof of the mouth.
When the front or the back of the tongue is raised high towards the plate the
vowel is called close. [i:, i, u, u:]
When the highest part of the tongue occupies the position intermediate between
the close and the open one mid vowels are pronounced. [e, ^, ʒ:, ә]
When the front or the back of the tongue is as low as possible in the mouth open
vowels are pronounced. [ᵆ, a:, Ͻ, Ͻ:]
#16 Билет
1. Word stress and prominence.
Answer:We use two terms that are related but different: stress and prominence.
Most dictionaries which give the pronunciation of words also indicate which
syllables have stress. For example: CALD shows that ‘party’ and ‘remember’ have
stress on only one syllable.
When a word is used in conversation and emphasized, one of the stressed
syllables is made ‘prominent’. In a one-stress word this is the stressed
syllable, and in a two- stress word it is usually the syllable with main
stress. Prominent syllables are shown in this book in capital letters:
I’m going to a PARty I can’t remember
• Prominence can move to the secondary stressed syllable in a word like
‘controversial’ when it is followed by a word with another prominent syllable,
particularly when the first syllable of the following word is prominent:
She gave a CONtroversial Answer
This is sometimes called ‘stress shift’. Stress shift can only happen in words
where a secondary stress comes before main stress.
,under’stand- UNDERstand EVerything
,disap’pointing- DIS appointing OUTcome
Other words which have stress shift include:
,Alto'gether, ,inde'pendent, ,indi'stinct, ,medi'ocre, ,satis'factory,,
uni'versity, ,week'end, ,worth'while
Some place names which have main stress on the last syllable, such as:
,Ber'lin,, Kow'loon, ,Montre'al
Teen numbers – ,thir'teen, ,nine'teen, and two part numbers- ,forty-'five
2. Write the words in the correct group:
Champion, international, marathon, referee, final, celebrity, basketball,
disadvantages, recognition, facilities, spectators, athletics
Stress on the 1st syllable Stress on 2nd syllable Stress on 3rd syllable
Champion
2.Make the phonetic analysis of the following words:
Cosmopolitan, nightingale, bagel
3. Classification of vowels according to the stability of articulation
Stability of articulation. Vowels are grouped into 3 groups: Monophthongs,
diphthongs, diphthongoids.
Monophthongs are vowels the articulation of which is almost unchanging: [i,e, ᵆ,
a:, Ͻ, Ͻ:, u, ^, З:, Ә]
In the pronunciation of diphthongs the organs of speech glide from one vowel
position to another within one syllable:[ ei, ai, Ͻi, au, зu, iә, έә, uә]
In the pronunciation of diphthongoids the articulation is slightly changing but
the difference between the starting point and the end is not so distinct as it
is in the case of diphthongs. [i:, u:]
#17 Билет
1. Suffixes and word stress.
Answer: Suffixes and word stress. SEE!!! - p28Eng Pr.
Some words are made up of a root and a suffix:
Root danger ous suffix
In some words with suffixes, the stress stays on the same syllable as in the
root. Compare:
'danger and: 'dangerous
In other words, the suffix changes the stressed syllable. Compare:
'commerce and com'mercial
Which suffixes don’t usually change the stress pattern and which have the main
stress?
Comfortable, amplifier, regretful, industrious, mysterious,
Japanese.
Answer: Suffixes which don't usually change the stress pattern in the root word
include –able, -age, -al –er, -ful, -ness, -ous, -fy
'Comfort-'comfortable 'amplify-'amplifier ' regret- 'regretful
Exceptions with –able, -al include: ad'mire- 'admirable, 'medicine-me'dicinal,
pre'fer-'preferable, 'agriculture- agri'cultural
Before the the suffixes –ious, -ulous, -orous, -eous main stress usually come in
the syllable before the suffix:
'Industry- in'dustrious 'mystery- my'sterious
Some suffixes themselves usually have the main stress. These include –ee, -eer,
-ese, -ette
Japan'ese
Exceptions include: 'omelette, 'etiquette, em'ployee
2.Make phonetic analysis: Lenses, substance, radiation
3. Classification of vowels according to lip position:
The shape of the mouth cavity is also largely dependent on the position of the
lips. When the lips are neutral or spread the vowels are termed unrounded. [i:,
i, e, ᵆ, a:, ^, ʒ:, ә]
When the lips are drawn together so that the opening between them is more or
less round the vowel is called rounded. [Ͻ, Ͻ:, u, u:]